Genetic variations and epidemiological characteristics of influenza B virus in Xinxiang from 2012 to 2019 / 中华疾病控制杂志

Objective To investigate the genetic variation and epidemiological characteristics of influenza B virus in Xinxiang to provide policy basis for local influenza vaccination. Methods The influenza surveillance data in Xinxiang from January 2012 to February 2019 was analyzed. 23 isolated influenza B virus were randomly selected for hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) gene sequencing. Sequence alignment was conducted by using DNAman software and phylogenetic tree analysis was conducted using Neighbor-Joining method. Results Yamagata (BY) and Victoria (BV) strains of influenza B virus circulated alternately every other year in Xinxiang, mainly among people aged 0-15 years (91.4%). The dominant influenza B lineages from 2015 to 2016 and from 2017 to 2018 did not match the corresponding trivalent vaccine strain of the year. The HA phylogenetic tree revealed that 87.5% (7/8) of BV strains coexisted with the vaccine strain in one branch, while 88.98% (8/9) of BY strains from 2013 to 2015 were not in the same branch as the corresponding vaccine strain, with 5 epitope site mutions N116K, S150L, N165Y, D196N and N202S. No drug-resistant site mutation was identified in the NA gene. A total of 6 intra-lineage reassortants were identified. Conclusions The influenza B lineage in the trivalent vaccine recommended by WHO did not match the dominant circulating B lineage of Xinxiang in some epidemic year. Therefore, quadrivalent vaccines are recommended to use in susceptible population, especially under the age of 15. In addition, there are large variations in HA gene of the epidemic BY strain compared with the corresponding vaccine. Then, a vaccine more sutable for the epidemic strains in China is expected to be developed.

Clinical research on benign lymphoepithelial lesions of lacrimal gland in 20 Chinese patients / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Benign lymphoepithelial lesion (BLEL) is characterized by symmetric bilateral swelling of the lacrimal and salivary glands and considered a subtype of immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-related sclerosing disease, the etiology and pathogenesis of which has not been determined. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the clinical features of BLEL in the lacrimal gland and the relationship between the serum level of IgG4 and BLEL.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twenty consecutive patients with BLEL diagnosed in Department of Ophthalmology at Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University between January 2012 and December 2013 were observed. The clinical features, imaging findings, laboratory tests, treatments and follow-up status of these 20 consecutive patients were analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In all 20 patients, the ratio of male to female was 1:4, the ages ranged from 28 to 57 years, the ratio of unilateral to bilateral eyes involvement was 1:4, and painless uncongested symmetrical swelling of the upper eyelid was the main clinical manifestation. Orbital magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed that all patients involved lacrimal gland, which were obviously enlarged with equal signals in T1W images and T2W images and obvious enhancement on contrast MRI. Extraocular muscles were involved in 5 patients, salivary gland in 8 patients, and frontal nerve in 3 patients. Serum IgG4 concentration was elevated in 18 patients. The treatment strategy mainly included surgery and steroid administration. Three patients were lost to follow-up, 17 patients reached complete response, and no recurrence was observed.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Eyelid swelling is the typical symptom of BLEL. Most of the patients involved bilateral lacrimal glands. High serum IgG4 level and abundant IgG4-positive plasma cell infiltration are the important features, which can be found in most of BLEL patients. Surgery combined with glucocorticoids is an efficient treatment strategy.</p>

Gene polymorphisms of interleukin-28, p21-activated protein kinases 4, and response to interferon-α based therapy in Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis B / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Peg-Interferon-α treatment is expensive and associated with considerable adverse effects, selection of patients with the highest probability of response is essential for clinical practice. The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between the gene polymorphisms of interleukin-28 (IL-28), p21-activated protein kinase 4 (PAK4) and the response to interferon treatment in chronic hepatitis B patients.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Two hundred and forty interferon-naive treatment HBeAg seropositive chronic hepatitis B patients were enrolled in the present prospective nested case-control study. Peripheral blood samples were collected, including 92 with favorable response and 148 without response to the interferon treatment. Rs8099917, rs12980602, and rs9676717 SNP was genotyped using matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>IL-28 genotype was not associated with response to interferon treatment (OR for GT/GG vs. TT, 0.881 (95%CI 0.388 - 2.002); P = 0.762; OR for CT/CC vs. TT, 0.902 (95%CI 0.458 - 1.778); P = 0.766). Rs9676717 in PAK4 genotype was independently associated with the response (OR for CT/CC vs. TT, 0.524 (95%CI 0.310 - 0.888); P = 0.016). When adjusting for age, gender, smoking, drinking, levels of hepatitis B virus DNA, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), rs9676717 genotype TT appeared to be associated with a higher probability of response for interferon treatment (OR, 0.155 (95%CI 0.034 - 0.700); P = 0.015).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Genotype TT for rs9676717 in PAK4 gene and no drinking may be predictive of the interferon-a treatment success.</p>

Genetic characteristics of enterovirus 71 VP1 and epidemiology of hand-foot-mouth disease in Xinxiang in 2011 / 病毒学报

The study was performed to examine the enterovirus 71(EV71) VP1 genetic feature and the epidemiology of hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) in Xinxiang in 2011. Real-time RT-PCR was used for the detection of Pan-enterovirus, Coxsackievirus A 16(CA16) and EV71 from stool specimens of HFMD. The VP1 region was amplified from 10 EV71 positive samples and the products were sequenced. EV71 genotypes were characterized by homology and phylogenetic tree analyses. Additionally, epidemic data of Xinxiang HFMD in 2011 was analyzed. The results revealed that 73% of the specimens from severe cases were determined as EV71 positive, which was significantly higher than CA16-positive ones (19%) (P < 0.01). Ten EV71 strains isolated in Xinxiang belonged to C4a cluster of sub-genotype C4, with 2.8% nucleotide and 0.9% amino acid sequences divergence among them. At position 170 in VP1 gene, an alanine(A) was predominant in 9 isolates, while a valine(V) residue was observed in one isolate. Compared to the representative C4a strains which were closely related to Xinxiang isolates, the amino acid variations of the pre-dominant Xinxiang strains generally occurred at position 292, threonine --> alanine (T --> A). A total of 1118 HFMD cases were reported in Xinxiang in 2011, and 92% of them were younger than 3 years old; the incidence rate peaked in April and December, suggesting that it is very necessary to strengthen HFMD prevention and control even in cold weather.

Expression of TGF-β1 protein in orbital bone after enucleation with placement of an orbital implant / 中华实验眼科杂志

Background Placement of an orbital implant is a main way to prevent orbital atrophy with aging.But its mechanism is under clear.Researchs showed that bone growth factors play important role during the development and repair of bone,especially transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1).Objective Present study was to investigate the expression of TGF-β1 protein in orbital bone after enucleation or enucleation with placement of an orbital implant and its function in the mechanisms of preventing and treating the orbital malformed development after enucleation with placement of an orbital implant.Methods Twenty-one age- and weight-matched New Zealand white young rabbits were randomly divided into the enucleation,implant and control groups,and each group including seven rabbits.Eyeball nucleation surgery was performed in the left eyes of 7 1-month-old rabbits,and a spherical orbital implant was inserted after enucleation of the left in matched rabbits in implant group.The left eye of normal rabbits served as controls.The rabbits were sacrificed in 1 month after surgery.The expression of TGF-β1 protein in the left orbital bone was detected using enzyme immunoassay and FITC labelling immunoassay technique in the sections of zygomatic bones.The content of TGF-β1 protein in the left orbital bone tissue was measured by ELISA method.This use of animals complied with the Regulations for the Administration of Affair Concerning Experimental Animals by State Science and Technology Commission.Results The height and width of orbital in enucleation group were significantly lower than those of implant and normal control groups(height:P=0.00,P=0.00;width:P =0.00,P=0.00).The positive bone cells of both enzyme immunoassay and FITC staining were increased in the implant and control groups in comparison with enucleation group,but the positive response intensity for TGF-β1 was resembled between implant group and control group.ELISA result revealed that the content of TGF-β1 protein in bone tissue was significantly lower in the enucleation group than in implant and control groups(P=0.00,P=0.00).The expression and content of TGF-β1 protein in bone tissue is similar between the implant group and the control group(P=0.41). Conclusion The experiment results indicate that TGF-β1 protein participate in the orbital development.TGF-β1 played important role in the prevention and treatment of enucleation-induced orbital malformation in the eye with placement of an orbital implant.

Penetrability of interleukin-1beta and its effect on the concentration of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 in the aqueous humor of rabbits treated with interleukin-1beta / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Interleukin (IL)-1beta may effectively decrease introcular pressure (IOP) when administered by subconjunctival injection in normal rabbit. However, IL-1beta is a large molecular agent and an inflammation factor. The aim of this study was to evaluate the penetrability of IL-1beta, and the concentrations of both tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and IL-6 in the aqueous humor of normal rabbits treated with IL-1beta.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 170 rabbits were used in the study and were assigned to several different treatment groups as follows: 125 of the rabbits were assigned to two groups. In one group, 33 rabbits were injected subconjunctivally with IL-1beta and 39 were injected with saline alone. In the other group, 27 rabbits were given eye drops containing IL-1beta (400 ng/ml) and 26 were given saline alone. Aqueous humor (AH) was drawn and the concentration of IL-1beta within the fluid measured. The IOP was measured in another six rabbits after administration of eye drops containing IL-1beta (400 ng/ml). A further 20 rabbits were assigned to 3 groups as follows: eight untreated normal controls; six injected subconjunctivally with IL-1beta; and six injected subconjunctivally with saline alone. AH was drawn and the concentration of TNF-alpha in the fluid was measured. Another 19 rabbits were assigned to 3 groups as follows: seven untreated normal controls; and six injected subconjunctivally with IL-1beta; and six injected subconjunctivally with saline alone. AH was drawn and the concentration of IL-6 in the fluid measured. Measurement of cytokine concentration was by radio-immunoassay in all cases.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The IL-1beta concentration in the AH was higher in those animals in which it had been administered subconjunctivally (P < 0.01). The IL-1beta concentration in the AH of the animals given eye drops was almost the same as that in the controls (P > 0.05). The administration of IL-1beta in the form of eye drops had little effect upon IOP reduction. Lower TNF-alpha concentrations were seen in the AH after the subconjunctival administration of IL-1beta, but the concentration of IL-6 was the same as in the normal controls.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>IL-1beta shows good corneal penetrability after subconjunctival injection into normal rabbit eyes. The IOP reduction induced by IL-1beta is unlikely be associated with an inflammatory response.</p>